What is a Virologist?
A virologist studies viruses, how they spread, and how they affect humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Some virologists focus on scientific research, working in laboratories to understand how viruses function at the molecular level. They study virus evolution, develop vaccines, and create antiviral treatments to combat diseases like influenza, HIV, and COVID-19.
Other virologists are medical doctors who specialize in treating viral infections and preventing outbreaks. These medical virologists diagnose and treat patients with diseases caused by viruses, such as hepatitis, measles, and respiratory infections.
What does a Virologist do?
Duties and Responsibilities
A virologist's duties and responsibilities vary depending on whether they focus on scientific research or medical practice. Both roles contribute to understanding, preventing, and treating viral diseases.
- For Research Virologists (Scientists): Research virologists study how viruses infect cells, evolve, and spread. They conduct laboratory experiments, develop vaccines and antiviral drugs, and use techniques like PCR and electron microscopy to analyze viral structures. Their work helps track virus mutations, predict outbreaks, and improve treatments. They publish findings in scientific journals, collaborate with other researchers, and follow strict safety protocols when handling infectious agents.
- For Medical Virologists (Doctors): Medical virologists diagnose and treat viral infections in patients, working in hospitals, clinics, or public health agencies. They analyze lab results, prescribe antiviral treatments, and help manage disease outbreaks. Some specialize in infectious disease research, while others focus on patient care, guiding treatment plans for viruses like influenza, HIV, or hepatitis. They may also educate healthcare professionals and the public about virus prevention and control.
Types of Virologists
Virology is a broad field, and virologists can specialize in different areas depending on the type of viruses they study and the work they do. Here are some common types of virologists:
- Medical Virologist: Focuses on viruses that cause diseases in humans, such as the flu, COVID-19, and HIV. They work in hospitals, research labs, or public health organizations to diagnose infections and develop treatments.
- Veterinary Virologist: Studies viruses that affect animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife. They help prevent outbreaks of diseases like rabies and avian flu, working in animal health research and veterinary medicine.
- Plant Virologist: Examines viruses that infect crops and plants, which can harm food production and agriculture. They develop strategies to prevent plant diseases and improve food security.
- Environmental Virologist: Studies viruses found in nature, including those in water, soil, and air. Their research helps understand how viruses spread in ecosystems and how they can impact human and animal health.
- Research Virologist: Works in universities, biotech companies, or government labs to study how viruses function, mutate, and interact with their hosts. Their discoveries contribute to vaccine development and new antiviral treatments.
- Industrial Virologist: Helps develop vaccines, antiviral drugs, and virus-based technology, such as gene therapy. They work in pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology firms.
- Public Health Virologist: Monitors and tracks virus outbreaks, working with health organizations like the CDC or WHO. They help create policies to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
- Immunovirologist: Studies how viruses interact with the immune system, researching how vaccines and immune responses can protect against infections.
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What is the workplace of a Virologist like?
A virologist's workplace depends on their specific job, but most work in laboratories, hospitals, research centers, or government agencies. In a lab, virologists use microscopes, test tubes, and specialized machines to study viruses and how they spread. They follow strict safety rules, especially when working with dangerous viruses, to protect themselves and others.
Some virologists work in hospitals or medical laboratories, helping doctors diagnose viral infections like the flu or COVID-19. They analyze patient samples, run tests, and provide information that helps determine the best treatments. Public health virologists may work in government agencies or health organizations, tracking virus outbreaks and creating plans to prevent the spread of diseases.
Other virologists work in universities, pharmaceutical companies, or biotechnology firms, developing vaccines, antiviral drugs, or new treatments. Some may also work outdoors, studying viruses in the environment, such as in water, soil, or animal populations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Doctor Specializations and Degrees
The following is a comprehensive list of the various specializations that a doctor can pursue and a brief summary of each specialization:
- Allergist: An allergist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and related conditions. Allergists have specialized training in the recognition and management of allergic reactions.
- Anesthesiologist: An anesthesiologist keeps a patient comfortable, safe and pain-free during surgery by administering local or general anesthetic.
- Cardiologist: A cardiologist specializes in finding, treating, and preventing diseases that affect the heart, the arteries, and the veins.
- Cardiothoracic Surgeon: A cardiothoracic surgeon specializes in surgical procedures inside the thorax (the chest), which may involve the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest. As well as performing surgery, they also diagnose and treat diseases of these organs.
- Chiropractic Neurologist: A chiropractic neurologist is a specialized type of chiropractor who has undergone additional training in the field of neurology. They diagnose and treat conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the nervous system.
- Chiropractor: A chiropractor, or doctor of chiropractic medicine, specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous system, especially in the spine. Treatment is usually physical manipulation of the joints and the spine to bring them back into alignment. A chiropractor does not perform surgery or prescribe medication.
- Colorectal Surgeon: A colorectal surgeon specializes in diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus, as well as the entire gastric tract. These surgeons work closely with urologists, who handle the urogenital tract in males and the urinary tract of women, gynecologists, who deal with specific female issues, and gastroenterologists, who deal with diseases of the gut.
- Doctor: An general overview of what a doctor does and how to become one.
- Dentist: Dentists identify potential oral health issues such as gum disease, as well as examine patients, order medical tests and determine the correct diagnosis and treatment. They also perform oral surgery and remove teeth or address other dental health problems.
- Dermatologist: A dermatologist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions affecting skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, nails, and mucus membranes (inside the mouth, nose, and eyelids) which can include cancer.
- Emergency Medicine Physician: An emergency medicine physician works in emergency departments, hospitals, and urgent care clinics, and is often the first medical professional that patients see when they are in need of urgent medical care.
- Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist specializes in diagnosing conditions and diseases related to the glands and hormones. While primary care doctors know a lot about the human body, for conditions and diseases directly related to glands and hormones they will typically send a patient to an endocrinologist.
- Family Practitioner: A family practitioner specializes in caring for the entire family. Patients can be children, adults, and the elderly, and are treated for a wide array of medical issues.
- Forensic Pathologist: A forensic pathologist investigates the cause of sudden and unexpected deaths, and is able to determine how a person died by performing an autopsy and studying tissue and laboratory results. These doctors are often called upon to provide evidence in court regarding the cause and time of such deaths.
- Gastroenterologist: A gastroenterologist has specific training in diagnosing and treating conditions and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This may include diseases and disorders that affect the the biliary system (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts), as well as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon).
- Geriatrician: A geriatrician specializes in the care of elderly patients, and often works with patients who have multiple chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as age-related cognitive and functional impairments.
- Gynecologist: A gynecologist specializes in women's reproductive systems. Gynecologists are also sometimes certified as obstetricians, and will monitor the health of the mother and the fetus during a pregnancy.
- Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, such as anemia and leukemia.
- Hospitalist: A hospitalist is a physician whose focus is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Their duties include patient care, teaching, research, and leadership related to hospital medicine.
- Immunologist: An immunologist specializes in managing problems related to the immune system, such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. A smaller number of immunologists are strictly researchers seeking to better understand how the immune system works and to help develop better ways of diagnosing and providing treatment for many immunological conditions.
- Infectious Disease Specialist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis.
- Internist: An internist is a 'doctor of internal medicine' who can diagnose, treat, and practice compassionate care for adults across the spectrum, from health to complex illness. They are not to be mistaken with "interns," who are doctors in their first year of residency training.
- Medical Examiner: Medical examiners are responsible for performing autopsies and collecting evidence related to the circumstances of a death, including medical history, physical examination findings, and toxicology tests.
- Naturopathic Physician: A naturopathic physician blends modern scientific medical practice and knowledge with natural and traditional forms of medical treatment. The goal is to treat the underlying causes of disease while stimulating the body's own healing abilities.
- Nephrologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. They treat conditions such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, kidney stones, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances.
- Neurologist: A neurologist specializes in treating diseases that affect the human nervous system. It is a very prestigious and difficult medical specialty due to the complexity of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
- Neurosurgeon: A neurosurgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes congenital anomalies, trauma, tumours, vascular disorders, infections of the brain or spine, stroke, or degenerative diseases of the spine.
- Obstetrician: An obstetrician is a medical doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.
- Occupational Physician: Occupational medicine is focused on keeping individuals well at work, both mentally and physically. As workplaces become more complex, occupational physicians play an important role in advising people on how their work can affect their health.
- Oncologist: An oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The three primary types of oncologists are: medical oncologists that specialize in the administration of drugs to kill cancer cells; surgical oncologists that perform surgical procedures to identify and remove cancerous tumors; and radiation oncologists that treat cancer with radiation therapy.
- Ophthalmologist: An ophthalmologist is a specialist that deals specifically with the structure, function, diseases, and treatment of the eye. Due to the complexities and the importance of the eye as a special sense that provides vision, the discipline of ophthalmology is dedicated solely to this organ.
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon: An oral and maxillofacial surgeon treats dental and medical problems involving the oral cavity and the maxillofacial area. The maxillofacial area includes the bones of the forehead, face, cheekbones and the soft tissues. Treatment often involves performing surgery and related procedures to treat diseases, defects, or injuries, and to improve function or appearance.
- Orthodontist: An orthodontist specializes in how the jaws and teeth are aligned. They help people whose teeth are misaligned or require some kind of correction – those with an improper bite, or malocclusion.
- Orthopedic Surgeon / Orthopedist: An orthopaedic surgeon (or orthopedist) examines, diagnoses, and treats diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves.
- Osteopath: Osteopaths have attended and graduated from an osteopathic medical school and practise the system of healthcare known as osteopathy. They consider all aspects of the patient, not just the symptoms they exhibit. They see the integrated nature of the body’s organ systems and its capacity for self-regulation and self-healing.
- Otolaryngologist: Otolaryngologists (or ENT physicians) are specialists trained in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and related structures of the head and neck. These specialists are trained in both medicine and surgery.
- Pathologist: A pathologist studies the causes, nature, and effects of disease. The field of pathology is broad with concentrations on changes in cells, tissues, and organs that are the result of a disease.
- Pediatrician: A pediatrician specializes in providing medical care to infants, children and teenagers by administering treatments, therapies, medications and vaccinations to treat illness, disorders or injuries.
- Periodontist: A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in oral inflammation, and who knows how to prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontal disease.
- Plastic Surgeon: A plastic surgeon specializes in reshaping healthy body parts for aesthetic reasons, and also in repairing or replacing body parts damaged by accidents, illness or malformation.
- Podiatrist: A podiatrist practices podiatric medicine, which is a branch of science devoted to the diagnosis, treatment and study of medical disorders of the foot, ankle, lower leg and lower back. In the U.S. and Canada, podiatry is practiced as a specialty.
- Prosthodontist: A prosthodontist specializes in restoring the look, function, comfort, and health of a patient's oral cavity with artificial materials. These artificial materials are made up of a wide variety of restorations that include fillings, dentures, veneers, crowns, bridges and oral implants.
- Psychiatrist: Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate, diagnose and treat patients who are affected by a temporary or chronic mental health problem.
- Pulmonologist: A pulmonologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary (lung) conditions and diseases of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complicated chest infections.
- Radiologist: A radiologist is a specialist in interpreting medical images that may be obtained with x-rays, (CT scans or radiographs), nuclear medicine (involving radioactive substances, magnetism (MRI), or ultrasound.
- Rheumatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
- Sports Medicine Physician: A sports medicine physician specializes in taking care of people who have sports injuries that may be acquired from playing sports, exercising, or from otherwise being physically active.
- Surgeon: A surgeon performs surgery for the purpose of removing diseased tissue or organs, to repair body systems, or to replace diseased organs with transplants.
- Telemedicine Physician: A telemedicine physician provides remote healthcare services to patients using telecommunications technology, facilitating virtual consultations, diagnoses, and treatment recommendations.
- Urologist: A urologist specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. Urologists can treat the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, uterus, and male reproductive organs. There are also specific specialty areas that urologists may choose to focus on, such as pediatric urology, male infertility, and urologic oncology.
- Vascular Medicine Specialist: A vascular medicine specialist specializes in the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels. They may work with patients who have conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, or pulmonary embolism.
- Vascular Surgeon: A vascular surgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels, including aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and varicose veins.
- Veterinary Dentist: A veterinary dentist is a specialized veterinarian who focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dental diseases and conditions in animals. They perform dental procedures such as cleanings, extractions, and oral surgeries to improve the oral health and well-being of pets and other animals.
- Virologist: A virologist is a scientist or medical doctor who studies viruses, develops treatments and vaccines, and works to prevent and control viral diseases.
Degrees
- Dentistry
- Medicine
- Naturopathic Medicine
- Osteopathic Medicine
- Podiatric Medicine
- Pre-Dentistry
- Pre-Medicine
- Veterinary Medicine
Science-Related Careers and Degrees
Careers
- Agronomist
- Animal Scientist
- Anthropologist
- Archaeologist
- Astronaut
- Astronomer
- Astrophysicist
- Atmospheric Scientist
- Behavioral Scientist
- Biochemist
- Bioinformatics Scientist
- Biologist
- Biomedical Scientist
- Biophysicist
- Biostatistician
- Biotechnician
- Biotechnologist
- Botanist
- Cellular Biologist
- Chemical Technician
- Chemist
- Climate Change Analyst
- Comparative Anatomist
- Conservation Biologist
- Conservation Scientist
- Criminologist
- Cytogenetic Technologist
- Cytotechnologist
- Dairy Scientist
- Developmental Biologist
- Ecologist
- Ecology Biologist
- Ecotoxicologist
- Engineering Physicist
- Entomologist
- Epidemiologist
- Ethologist
- Evolutionary Biologist
- Food Science Technologist
- Food Scientist
- Forensic Pathologist
- Forensic Science Technician
- Forensic Scientist
- Forester
- Geneticist
- Geodesist
- Geographer
- Geologist
- Geospatial Information Scientist
- Herpetologist
- Horticulturist
- Hydrologist
- Ichthyologist
- Immunologist
- Industrial Ecologist
- Mammalogist
- Marine Biogeochemist
- Marine Biologist
- Marine Conservationist
- Marine Ecologist
- Marine Fisheries Biologist
- Marine Mammalogist
- Marine Microbiologist
- Materials Scientist
- Meteorologist
- Microbiologist
- Molecular Biologist
- Natural Sciences Manager
- Neurobiologist
- Neuropsychologist
- Neuroscientist
- Oceanographer
- Ornithologist
- Paleontologist
- Particle Physicist
- Pathologist
- Pharmaceutical Scientist
- Pharmacologist
- Pharmacist
- Physicist
- Physiologist
- Political Scientist
- Poultry Scientist
- Scientist
- Social Scientist
- Sociologist
- Soil and Plant Scientist
- Soil and Water Conservationist
- Systems Biologist
- Toxicologist
- Veterinary Pathologist
- Virologist
- Volcanologist
- Wildlife Biologist
- Wildlife Ecologist
- Zoo Endocrinologist
- Zoologist
Degrees
- Agronomy
- Animal Sciences
- Biochemistry
- Biology
- Biomedical Sciences
- Biophysics
- Botany
- Cellular Biology
- Chemistry
- Criminology
- Dairy Science
- Environmental Science
- Food Science
- Forestry
- Genetics
- Horticulture
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Molecular Biology
- Pathology
- Physics
- Political Science
- Poultry Science
- Social Science
- Sociology
- Soil Science
- Zoology